The Basal Nuclei Include The

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The Basal Nuclei Include The

activity use the basal nuclei ("ganglia") as part of assembling the patterns of neural activity which can generate purposeful movements. The basal nuclei are used in conjunction with supplementary motor cortex to store "programs" of motor activity that can be combined (by motor cortex) into movements and behaviors. The major parts of the basal nuclei include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the pallidum (two parts of the globus pallidus), the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. The anatomical circuitry of the basal nuclei is characterized as "loops" generally from motor cortex to striatum to globus pallidus to thalamus and back to motor cortex areas. The actual connections vary with the type of motor activity. The influence of the basal ganglia is within the hemisphere on the side of the motor cortex it controls.
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There are two primary neural circuit loops through the basal nuclei pathways which together control the activity of motor cortex and movement. One acts generally to stimulate movement (hyperkinesis), while the other acts to inhibit it (hypokinesis). The direct pathway goes from cortex to striatum to the globus pallidus to the thalamus and then back to cortex. This pathway facilitates activity motor cortex. The indirect pathway is similar, but includes the subthalamic nucleus. This pathway inhibits activity in motor cortex. The substantia nigra is involved in the balance of activity of these two pathways. The output of the basal ganglia is through the corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts. Because the basal ganglia have a large part of their influence on posture and muscle tone, the corticonuclear to brainstem motor pathways (rubrospinal and reticulospinal) are particularly important.
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