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Membranes Are Essential Components Of All Cells

ls Explain how membranes participate in THREE of the following biological processes: Muscle contraction Fertilization of an egg Chemiosmotic production of ATP Intercellular signaling
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Muscle contraction ¥ Motor neuron or axon terminal releases neurotransmitter or acetylcholine (ACh) ¥ ACh binds to receptors ¥ Depolarization or Na + moves in through membrane channels or membrane depolarizes ¥ Action potential propagates along cell membrane (sarcolemma) or T tubules ¥ Depolarization changes permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) or Ca2+ released from SR ¥ Ca 2+ active transport into SR (reuptake of Ca2+ ) ¥ Repolarization or maintenance of membrane potential (Na + /K + pump) ¥ Smooth or cardiac muscle gap junctions directly transfer membrane potential between cells Fertilization of an egg ¥ Part of the acrosomal reaction or sperm acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes (by exocytosis) ¥ Sperm binds to receptors on egg ¥ Fusion of sperm and egg plasma membranes ¥ Change in membrane electrical charge or fast block (depolarization) to prevent further fertilization (polyspermy) ¥ Cortical reaction or slow block by exocytosis (prevents polyspermy) or "hardening" of membrane ¥ Separation of fertilization membrane (envelope) ¥ Fusion of egg and sperm nuclear membranes or nuclei Chemiosmotic production of ATP ¥ Electron transport chain (ETC) in membrane pumps H + across membrane ¥ H + gradient established across membrane ¥ H + move through ATP synthase embedded in membrane to produce ATP ¥ Membrane infolding increases surface area Intercellular signaling ¥ Release of chemical signals by exocytosis ¥ Receptors in membrane bind ligands or chemical signals or chemical signals pass through the membrane (examples: neurotransmitters, hormones, pheromones) ¥ Ligand-gated ion channels opening/closing ¥ Cascade of cellular events, including enzymatic reactions and second messengers (examples: G-proteins, cAMP, I P 3 , Ca2+ ) ¥ Antibodies activate immune function ¥ Descriptions of gap junctions, plasmodesmata (communicating junctions)
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