tened by ________. a. pollution from a nearby coal power plant b. plans to build a highway that passes through the park c. an invasive fish that has been introduced into the major river that flows through the park d. plans to legalize hunting of most of the large animal species in the park e. an overabundance of elephants 27. Which regions of the world tend to have the greatest species richness? a. warm, desert-like regions b. Species richness varies randomly across the globe, and no areas are particularly high in species richness compared to other areas. c. areas high in mountains, where humans have not impacted the environment d. regions near the equator 28. The development of pharmaceutical products has been __________. a. successful despite the lack of useful drugs coming from natural sources b. aided by protection of ecosystem diversity c. attacked by majority of groups and people trying to protect endangered species d. focused exclusively on creating new chemicals in the lab 29. __________ is the term we use when a population disappears from a given area but not globally. a. Extinction b. Mass extinction c. Instinction d. Extirpation 30. At the end of the __________ period, close to 90% of all species are thought to have gone extinct. a. Cambrian b. Permian c. Triassic d. Cretaceous 31. The greatest cause of the worldwide loss of species is ________. a. habitat destruction b. air pollution c. anthropogenic activities d. decreased soil nutrients e. water pollution 32. The field of conservation biology ________. a. developed in response to government intervention b. was initially viewed as too measurement oriented, looking at details and not at the big picture c. attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution, ecology and extinction d. tries to conserve every species, everywhere e. tries to increase speciation events in order to increase biodiversity 33. CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) tries to prevent the extinction of species by __________. a. asking countries to stop the international trade of body parts of endangered species b. using United Nations' troops to hunt down and arrest poachers c. raising endangered species for sale to cut out the market for wild harvested species d. establishing biosphere reserves where people and endangered species live side by side 34. How is community-based conservation different from more traditional approaches to conservation? a. In community-based conservation, local people are involved with protecting the habitat of endangered species, allowing them to still gain benefit from its resources. b. Community-based conservation requires a large community of guards to patrol preserves and keep people out. c. Community-based conservation focuses on protecting plant and animal communities rather than single species. d. In community-based conservation, scientists from a wide range of backgrounds are brought together to focus the efforts of an entire scientific community on the problem. 35. The entire area of land that a river drains is called its __________. a. lithosphere b. watershed c. dead zone d. wetland 36. Skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes are all made up of ________. a. lipids b. carbohydrates c. organelles d. proteins e. nucleic acids 37. Which of the following best describes the role of autotrophs in ecosystems? a. They consume other organisms for energy. b. They produce their own organic molecules, which can be broken down for energy. c. Without heterotrophs, there would be no autotrophs. d. They produce their own inorganic molecules, which can be broken down for energy. 38. Net primary productivity is ________. a. the energy used by plants to make biomass after respiration b. the amount of energy consumers derive from producers c. the total biomass of an entire ecosystem d. the biomass of producers minus that of consumers e. the amount of detritus produced by an ecosystem 39. A landscape ecologist would be most likely to study __________. a. the multiple trophic levels found in a freshwater lake b. the mutualistic interaction between an acacia tree and the ants that live in it and the predatory interaction between the ants and the insect species trying to eat the acacia c. how a cactus can survive for months without any rain d. the movement of nutrients from alpine grassland on a mountain through the temperate deciduous forest at the lower elevations into the tropical rain forest at the base 40. Aquifers are ________. a. a source of water largely untapped by agriculture and urban systems b. moist areas of soils that permit infiltration of nitrogen and phosphorus c. porous rock formations located underground that store groundwater d. large bodies of surface water such as lakes and oceans e. areas where the water table is above ground most of the year 41. How do plants contribute to the water cycle? a. through the process of infiltration b. through the evaporation of water from their roots c. through the process of transpiration d. through the process of condensation 42. Which of the following is the major reservoir for phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle? a. the atmosphere b. sedimentary rock c. the oceans d. fossil fuels 33. One example of artificial selection is ________. a. crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger b. pet dogs that have gone wild, mate with coyotes, and live in packs c. humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower d. broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea e. the process of allopatric speciation 44. Phylogenetic trees ________. a. have branches each of which represents an extinction event b. trace the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms c. predict future evolutionary trends d. are a threatened species in Costa Rica's Monteverde National Park e. are usually at odds with fossil evidence 45. The fossil record clearly shows that ________. a. nearly all species that have existed in the past still exist today b. new species appear suddenly and fully differentiated, without an ancestral species c. several different species can hybridize to produce a single new species d. large complex organisms evolved long before simple organisms e. many species that once existed no longer do 46. A single, small population that exists only in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area. a. pandemic b. extinct c. foreign d. endemic 47. The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by __________. a. meteorites b. large predators such as wolves and mountain lions c. human-induced events d. disease pandemics 48. A population is a group of ________. a. individuals of several interacting species that live in one area b. cells that have similar function c. individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area d. all individuals of a species in all locations e. individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems 49. High population density can ________. a. decrease competition b. hinder organisms from finding mates c. decrease the use of resources d. decrease biodiversity within a species e. increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity 50. Which of the following is accurate? a. Any damaged ecosystem can be completely restored. b. Costa Rica has declared national bankruptcy because of its failed ecotourism industry. c. Humans can find and make their own resources if they destroy natural ecosystems. d. Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits. e. Our understanding of genetics allows us to replace extinct species.