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The Chemical Composition And Levels Of Structure Of Proteins

of all living organisms. Discuss the following in relation to proteins. a)The chemical composition and levels of structure of proteins. b)The roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. c)The roles of proteins in membrane structure and transport of molecules across the membrane.
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a)The chemical composition and levels of structure of proteins. A protein is a string of amino acids held together by a peptide bond. Every protein has free amino and a free carboxyl end. Typically proteins have a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. The primary structure is the order of the amino acids in the protein. The secondary structure has the long string of amino acids coiling into an alpha helix. The tertiary structure is composed of the beta-pleated sheets and the alpha helices folding together. b)The roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited information, they are made up of nucleotides, and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is composed of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a base. There are 4 bases found in DNA, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). Adenine and guanine are double ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases. Nucleotides are joined to each other by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon atom of the deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide. Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a protein. RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of nucleotides. There are three different types of RNA: Ribosomal, Messenger, and Transfer. Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes for. Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes. The transfer RNA has two recognition sites: one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon. The transfer RNA brings the the correct amino acid to the ribosome. c) not done yet
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