sible in order to ensure that their opponents will elect as few representatives as possible, it is called Packing which of the following statements about campaign spending in Senate elections is true? Incumbents generally spend more money than challengers in Senate campaigns. During the earliest years of the United States, who nominated the candidates for president? Nominations were controlled by each party's congressional caucus. Before the post-World War II era, dark-horse candidates were most likely to arise at a national convention when deadlocks between major factions developed what is a referendum? t is the practice of voting directly for proposed laws. Before the 1890s, who was responsible for printing election ballots? Political Parties If you voted for a Republican for president and a Democrat for senator, you engaged in split-ticket voting Money contributed directly to a political party to be used for voter registration or party building is called soft money The "Americanization of politics" refers to the spread of American campaign techniques and political consultants to elections conducted around the rest of the world The boundaries of legislative districts in the United States are to be redrawn every ten Why did many members of Congress vote to ban advocacy groups from running ads that mention a candidate's name within thirty days of a primary election and sixty days of a general election? They thought that the ban would make it less likely for wealthy advocacy groups to flood the media with ads and unfairly influence the outcome of elections A runoff election is likely to occur when turnout in the election is very low. there is only one candidate running in the election. there are more than two candidates running in the election. Most European nations employ what system of elections? proportional representation Which of the following is not covered by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act? Individual contributions to 501c(4) and 527 committees The tern soft money refers to money donated to a party to sponsor party building and voter registration. When states vie for influence by holding their nominating processes earlier, it is called frontloading When a voter must be registered with a party prior to voting in that party's election, it is called a(n) closed primary What is the incumbent? the current officeholder, running for re-election What is the first step in running for president? forming an exploratory committee which of the following is the best example of direct democracy in practice in the United States? referendum The result produced when voters cast a ballot for the president and then automatically vote for the remainder of the party's candidates is called? Coattail effect Approximately how much money does it take for a candidate to have a reasonable chance of winning a seat in the House of Representatives? 500,000 Political scientist call voters' choices that focus on future behavior ______, while those based on past performances are called ______. prospective voting; retrospective voting Split-ticket voting increases partisan divisions in government. When American Voters support only one party's candidates, they are said to be voting a straight ticket If a citizen votes for a candidate because he or she approves of the candidate's past record, it is called Retrospective voting In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, election campaigns tended to be Labor intensive When candidates for office sponsor hearings, undertake inspection tours of disaster areas, or meet with foreign dignitaries, the form of publicity they receive is called free media The majority of PACs represent business and professional groups In order for a political party to select a candidate to run in the general election, it holds a primary election Partisan loyalty is likely to be highest in the election of a state legislator The effort by political candidates and their staff to win backing and support by voters in the quest for political office is known as a(n) campaign When a congressional election is held that does not coincide with a presidential election, it is called a(n) midterm election The ________ is the last example of indirect voting in national elections. electoral college Which of the following statements concerning the public funding of presidential campaigns is incorrect? Federal law requires the presidential candidates from the major parties to use public funding during the general election. What year marked the first time a major political party held a convention? 1832 Private groups that raise and distribute funds for election campaigns are called Political Action Committees (PACs) Karl Rove was the _______ for George W. Bush Chief political strategist Which of the following do modern political campaigns not depend on? A large army of volunteers from the party The primary responsibility for conducting public elections rests with state and local governments. Campaign consultants do all of the following except print ballots for the election Three types of factors, _______, influence the decisions of voters at the polls. partisan loyalty, issues, and the characteristics of candidates When are national elections held in the United States? the first Tuesday of November every other year For the presidential primaries, most but not all state parties use what type of election? proportional representation Which of the following politicians was recalled from office? California Governor Gray Davis (2003) Politicians attempt to "balance the ticket" with members of many important groups because voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background A major factor in John Kennedy's 1960 presidential victory over Richard Nixon was that Kennedy had a much stronger performance than Nixon during televised debates. Party activists who are elected to vote at a party's national convention are called Delegates At a party convention, when an entire state delegation votes for a single candidate supported by the majority of its delegates, it is called the Unit Rule The themes, issues, and messages that candidates present during a campaign are generally based on polls and focus groups. How many times in American history has the presidential candidate who won the most popular votes not been selected by the electoral college? 3 Plurality and majority systems tend to decrease the number of political parties. when the Supreme Court announced the principle of "one person, one vote" what did it mean? Within a state, electoral districts must have roughly equal populations. Which event helped lead to a change in the way that the electoral college chose the president and vice president? the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in 1803 Which of the following political officers are subject to recall elections? The governor of the state of California The principle of "one person, one vote" was established by the Supreme Court in the 1960s A majority system, which is used on a limited basis in the United States, requires that a candidate must win ______ to win an election 50 percent plus one of all votes cast Primary elections were introduced by the _______ in order to weaken the power of party leaders. Progressives _______ is the most common electoral system used in general elections in the United States. The plurality system While traditional party conventions were ______, contemporary party conventions are _______.` Deliberative assemblies to determine nominations; simple ratifications of nominations that have already been determined During midterm elections, voters are voting for Members of Congress Generally speaking, a recall effort begins with a petition campaign "King Caucus" refers to the use of each party's congressional caucus to nominate presidential candidates during the early nineteenth century. In contemporary politics, local election campaigns tend to be ________, while statewide elections tend to be ________. organizationally driven and labor intensive; media-driven and capital intensive Which of the following statements about campaign spending in House elections is true? The amount of money spent by incumbents has increased since 1980 and has grown at a much faster rate than the amount spent by challengers. Which of the following statements is most accurate? When voters are satisfied with their economic prospects, they tend to vote for the party in power. Sport advertisements are useful because they permit a candidate's message to be delivered to a target audience before people can tune out Which of the following is a difference between Democratic and Republican primaries? The Democratic Party requires that state presidential primaries allocate delegates on the basis of proportional representation while the Republican Party does not. The right of candidates to spend their own money on running for office is protected absolutely by the First Amendment, according to the Supreme Court. When does public opinion polling take place during a campaign? throughout the entire campaign The practice of ________ means that district boundaries have been purposefully drawn to unfairly advantage one group or party. gerrymandering If the winner of an election is whoever receives the most votes, regardless of the percentage of votes received, the candidates are running under a _______ system. plurality which of the following were not major contributors to George w. bush's 2000 presidential campaign? trial lawyers Smaller and weaker parties are most likely to have electoral success under which system of elections? the proportional representation system At a party convention, when an entire state delegation votes for the single candidate supported by the majority of delegates, it is called the retrospective vote. unit rule. butterfly ballot. consensus mark. In what case did the Supreme Court say that purposefully drawing districts where the majority of voters were members of a single minority group, in order to ensure minority representation, was unlawful? Shaw v. Reno Early presidential primaries and caucuses are more important because they can help a candidate secure media attention and financial support. Which party has reserved slots at the national convention for elected superdelegates? the Democrats who is the incumbent? the current officeholder, running for re-election Which of the following statements is true? Voting equipment varies form county to county throughout the united states A ______ is a media format in which candidates meet with ordinary citizens, without the input of journalists or commentators. town hall meeting By using donor lists or magazine subscription lists, candidates are able to engage in Direct-mail solicitations If George W. Bush won the plurality of votes in Texas during the 2000 election, and Texas had thirty representatives in the House of Representatives, how many electoral votes from Texas did Bush win? 32